Managing and Developing the Human Resources Research Paper

Overseeing and Developing the Human Resources - Research Paper Example Dickens (1994) fights that the business case for overseeing decent variety offers an approach to work equivalent open doors as a key issue, a guiding principle connected to hierarchical intensity. So as to improve quality and stay serious various associations have begun offering capability levels required for better adequacy in the business. For instance, McDonald's has been given the authorisation to grant their own capabilities identical to GCSEs, A levels and degrees, in subjects like drive-thru eatery the executives (BBC, 2008). System Rail and Flybe are different organizations which have been conceded such consent by Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA), to give degrees and recognitions for setting up the workforce for a serious tomorrow (Woolcock and Elliott, 2008). These are a portion of the pointers towards the expanding acknowledgment that obtaining and overhauling the aptitudes isn't truth be told, significant for serious quality of the organization, yet it is simi larly essential for the person to stay applicable to the business. This investigation is, accordingly, a push to dissect the HR situation when all is said in done and how the UK is setting up the HR for a superior and serious tomorrow. Independent of the nature and specialization of the organization, it tends to be said without a doubt that, 'individuals' structure the center of its exercises and in this manner, the conduct and character of these very 'individuals' will influence the general character of the association. The presentation level of this workforce relies on the kinds of inspirations gave by the association. It is along these lines very coherent to state that Human Resource Management is an extremely vital and a fundamental piece of any organization.â

Vital Signs HIV Testing and Diagnosis Among Adults †United States, 2001

The Human Immune Deficiency has kept on murdering more individuals in the United States in any event, when individuals know about how it’s transmitted and how it very well may be stayed away from. This report investigations a report (Satcher et. al., 2010) that was posted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Vital Signs: HIV Testing and Diagnosis Among Adults †United States, 2001-2009 explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ordinary test for HIV is being supported in light of the fact that ongoing clinical reports demonstrate that there are numerous individuals who are tainted by this infection however they don't know. A great many people overlook the assessment procedure when they are not encountering any medical issues. They possibly get inspected at a later stage when the circumstance has compounded. Early disclosure can forestall additionally spread of the infection into AIDS. Most of individuals who have been tried were not ready to get analyzed thus they were tried in light of different reasons, for example, during blood gift where it is obligatory for the donor’s blood to be inspected (Taubes, 2007). CDC depended on the data gave from the review led by National Health Interview somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2009 to set up instances of early revelation of HIV. Moreover, this data was utilized to decide the geological areas that had the most elevated contamination rate. CDC additionally acquired data from the national HIV reconnaissance framework which was valuable in distinguishing the quantity of individuals who willfully benefited themselves for the assessment. The data from these discoveries recommend that HIV influences gay people than men who are have straight sexual direction. Other than that African-Americans are more inclined to this infection than different races. Urban focuses were found to have the most noteworthy number of tainted pe ople. Recently the vast majority are being found early enough in light of the fact that a great many people need to know their status. The CDC report demonstrates that a greater number of men experience the ill effects of HIV than ladies. Rothan (2002) contends this could be because of their polygamous nature. On the off chance that HIV is found early the patient has higher odds of living longer than when assessment has not occurred. At the point when one realizes that he/she is contaminated with HIV, he/she may abstain from spreading the infection to uninfected people. For example, pregnant ladies are compelled to take HIV assessment in such a case that they are tainted they will stretch out this infection to their new conceived babies consequently when they are seen as positive they are disheartened from bosom taking care of the youngster once it’s conceived. This test has prompted decrease in youngster mortality. Incase an individual tests positive he/she is acquainted wit h retroviral medication which is intended to decay the duplication of the infection which consequently keeps the infection from progressing into AIDS.Advertising Looking for report on wellbeing medication? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the previous decades numerous individuals were kicking the bucket as a result of this malady since they could just get tried in wellbeing centers and a great many people feared going for the assessment since they felt that they would pass on prior because of worry of living with the shame. These days more individuals are being tried and there are not many instances of individuals who acknowledge they have this infection at a later stage. The significant preferred position of early testing is that the patient will know about his/her condition and hence will have the option to look after his/her wellbeing (Rothan, 2002). That’s why these days individuals who bite the dust from HIV l ook solid rather than prior on when individuals experiencing HIV used to look meager. Taking everything into account, the information gathered by CDC is basic in getting ready for social insurance in zones generally inclined to HIV and in setting strategies that can diminish the pandemic. CDC has been battling for right on time and intentional assessment in many nations from everywhere throughout the world and hence additionally testing focuses have been built up. The media is likewise being utilized to sharpen individuals on the significance of knowing one’s status provided that one is negative he/she needs to hold that status in light of the fact that the status isn't perpetual. More endeavors are being made towards finding individuals living with HIV in light of the fact that the individuals who don't know about their status are the ones who spreads the infection unexpectedly. In certain states testing is done in local locations from entryway to entryway in light of the fa ct that numerous individuals contend that they are occupied to go for the test. References Rothman, K.J. (2002). The study of disease transmission: A presentation. New York: Oxford University Press. Satcher, et al. (2010, December 3). â€Å"Vital Signs: HIV Testing and Diagnosis Among Adults †United States, 2001-2009†. Communities for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recovered from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/review/mmwrhtml/mm5947a3.htm?s_cid=mm5947a3_w Taubes, G. (2007, September 16).†Do we truly recognize what makes us healthy?† New York Times. Recovered from https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/magazine/16epidemiology-t.htmlAdvertising We will compose a custom report test on Vital Signs: HIV Testing and Diagnosis Among Adults †United States, 2001-2009 explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report on Vital Signs: HIV Testing and Diagnosis Among Adults †United States, 2001-2009 was composed and put together by client Mae Lane to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Gmo Lab Report

Presentation During the course of this lab, we investigated whether certain handled nourishments contained Genetically Modified Organisms. Hereditarily altered food is a significant subject on the planet today. Since the time Flavr Savr came out with their tomatoes developed from hereditarily altered seeds in 1994 hereditarily adjusted nourishments has gotten always mainstream among merchants of produce (Mestel, 2013). The world’s populace has developed by around one billion in the most recent decade (US Bureau of the Census).At this rate, Genetically Modified Organisms inside food items will increment drastically, however is this generally advantageous? There are many hazard factors that have been raised with hereditarily changed nourishments, for example, potential increment of disease as per a French report led by Dr. Giles Eric Seralini (Kilham, 2012). Hereditarily altered food is a well known subject among researchers, as it has been inquired about frequently. An examinat ion was done in the Czech Republic over a course of five years (2002-2007) to test numerous nourishments, for example, tomatoes and rice, for affirmed and unapproved Genetically Modified Organisms.Similar to the investigation led in the natural science lab, the researchers engaged with this examination utilized a Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR, technique to decide their outcomes (Kyrova, Ostry, Laichmannova, Ruprich, 2010). Enrico Dainese and his accomplices did another comparative investigation, on soybeans explicitly. Like our analysis directed on the cornbread blend, Dainese and his associates followed their PCR results with an Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (Dainese, Angelucci, De Santis, Maccarrone and Cozzani, 2004).An extra examination firmly identified with the one performed by my accomplices and I is an investigation improved identify for GMO inside their nourishments sold in business sectors a different spots (Cardarelli, Branquinho, Ferreria, da Cruz and Gemmule, 2005). T hese articles show how GMO inside nourishments are available everywhere throughout the world. The explanation my individual gathering individuals and myself are directing this test is to test an example of handled food (for this situation cornbread blend) for any presence of Genetically Modified Organisms utilizing PCR strategies. We guess that the cornbread blend has been hereditarily changed and herefore will show that in the outcomes. Materials and Methods The motivation behind this trial is to utilize PCR strategy to distinguish hereditarily changed nourishments. During the examination we, as a gathering, tried a known non-GMO food test, cereal, alongside our cornbread blend. We previously weighed out 0. 77 g of the non-GMO cereal. We at that point continued to include 3. 85 ml (5. 00 ml for every 1. 00 g) of refined water (DW) to the oats and ground them along with a pestle. The equivalent was finished with 0. 99 g of the cornbread blend and 4. 95 ml of DW. We pipetted each of these into isolated screw-top cylinders comprising of 500 l of an InstaGene solution.These we hatched and centrifuged for roughly 5 minutes each. We at that point took six PCR tubes and topped them each off, 2 with the non-GMO oats blend, 2 with the cornbread blend and 2 with a known GMO positive substance. The Non-GMO and GMO positives filled in as controls for the investigation. One of every one of the two cylinders contained 20 l of plant MM and GMO MM. The PCR tubes were then positioned in a warm cycler and after this we did an agarose gel electrophoresis to furnish us with the fundamental information got from groups that should’ve shown up n the gel. ResultsEven however we had followed system and precisely blended the right sum and kind of DNA and Master Mix together, as appeared in Table 1, we wound up getting stunning outcomes. Photographs were taken of the last gel chunk the morning of the trial (Fig. 1) and that equivalent evening (Fig. 2). There appeared to be next to no signs, assuming any, of Genetically Modified Organisms inside the cornbread blend. TABLE 1. PCR Tube Contents: Tube Number| Master Mix| DNA| 1| 20 l Plant MM (green)| 20 l Non-GMO food control DNA| 2| 20 l GMO MM (red)| 20 l Non-GMO food control DNA| | 20 l Plant MM (green)| 20 l test food DNA| 4| 20 l GMO MM (red)| 20 l test food DNA| 5| 20 l Plant MM (green)| 20 l GMO positive control DNA| 6| 20 l GMO MM (red)| 20 l GMO positive control DNA| FIGURE 1. GMO Morning (AM) Agarose Gel Electrophoresis results FIGURE 2. GMO Evening (PM) Agarose Gel Electrophoresis results Discussion: The reason for this investigation was to decide if an example of an off-brand cornbread blend had contained Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). Accordingly, we discovered that there were no GMO follows situated in the cornbread mix.This could be because of errors that may have been made during the strategy, for example, poor estimating or blending, misreading results, or the cornbread blend truly was not made with hereditarily changed nourishments. These outcomes discredit our theory, which expressed that we accepted there would be GMO follows found inside the cornbread blend. It was frustrating to see that we had a negative outcome while a considerable lot of different gatherings got striking lines on their arag gel demonstrating that their nourishments contained high measures of GMO. I was happy to see that not every single handled food contain it however as in with the aftereffects of the Czech Republic study.Out of the considerable number of tomatoes and papayas they tried, not one had brought about the identification of GMO follows (Kyrova, Ostry, Laichmannova, Ruprich, 2010). We realized that the gel was precisely identifying GMO follows in nourishments by utilizing the GMO positive control. Additionally to back up our presumptions that the Agarose Gel Electrophoresis results are precise, it is appeared in Dainese’s, and other’s, work. He utilized this strat egy for GMO recognition in his investigation to show this is a compelling method of distinguishing GMO follows (Dainese, Angelucci, De Santis, Maccarrone and Cozzani, 2004).It is intriguing to perceive how genecticall altered nourishments are in the US as well as in the Czech Republic and even in Brazil markets, where Cardarelli and his partners investigated Roundup Ready soybeans and checked different substances for GMO follows (Cardarelli, Branquinho, Ferreria, da Cruz and Gemmule, 2005). In spite of the fact that I was disillusioned to get negative outcomes, I am cheerful that there was an assortment in GMO follows inside the entire lab. I don’t know whether we would have learned a lot on the off chance that we as a whole got positive outcomes. It would make us simply expect that every single prepared food have been hereditarily altered.The other researchers’ results captivated me regarding how extraordinary they all were yet they were about something very similar a s it were. This lab has helped me understand how GMO inside nourishments is full of feeling all around the globe and doesn’t simply imply that the food is greater or more delicious, yet has been influenced by synthetics, both great and awful. Writing Cited: Cardarelli, Paola; Branquinho R, Maria; Ferreria T. B. , Renata; da Cruz P, Fernanda; Gemmule L, Andre. 2005. Recognition of GMO in food items in Brazil: the INCQS experience. Food Control. 16(10): 859-866. Dainese, E; Angelucci, C; De Santis, P; Maccarrone, M; Cozzani, I. 004. A multiplex PCR-based examine for the discovery of hereditarily changed soybean. Explanatory Letters. 37(6): 1139-1150. Kilham, C. What You Need To Know About GM Foods Is Half The Story. 2012 Dec. 07. Forbes Magazine. Kyrova, V; Ostry, V; Laichmannova, L; Ruprich, J. 2010. AN OCCURRENCE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODSTUFFS ON THE CZECH FOOD MARKET. Acta Alimentaria. 39(4): 387-396. Mestel, R. 2013 Feb 23. Hereditarily adjusted nourishments: Who needs to tell?. Los Angeles Times. US Bureau of the Census. Current Population Projections. 2013. www. evaluation. gov.

High School Drop-Outs Essay

At the point when one out of three understudies neglects to graduate in the country, there must be a fundamental issue, a wellspring of disappointment or perhaps sadness, making understudies abandon their trainings whenever they had a chance to go further. At the point when individuals feel that there is no expectation or possibility, they will surrender. This is what is befalling secondary school understudies driving them to drop-out of school notwithstanding the way that a secondary school certificate could be so valuable to their lives and the way that it tends to be forestalled. In the article â€Å"High School Dropouts Costly to American Economy†, Sarah White stated, â€Å"The instructors didn’t care, the understudies didn’t care. No one gave it a second thought, so for what reason ought to I?† I accept that with the end goal for understudies to need to work in secondary school to accomplish their confirmations, they need passionate help and an inspirational spine. At the point when I made a passing mark when I was pretty much nothing or even now, my folks and my instructor were there to adulate me and push me to improve and move in the direction of higher instructive objectives. In light of their help, I need to do well in school and reach skyward in school and towards school. Without their help, exhortation and desires, I likely wouldn’t care about school; this is the thing that secondary school-dropouts need and are inadequate. Simply procuring a secondary school confirmation can improve the way of life for an individual fundamentally. The article â€Å"By the Numbers: Dropping Out of High School† says, â€Å"The normal dropout can hope to win a yearly pay of $20,241, as indicated by the U.S. Statistics Bureau. That’s a full $10,386 not exactly the common secondary school graduate, and $36,424 short of what somebody with a lone ranger degree.† With numbers as extraordinary as this, schools need to work to get understudies to graduate, yet want to work for in any event a bachelor’s qualification in advanced education to support the understudies. Numerous effective projects to improve this circumstance are have just been made; more schools basically need to work them into their frameworks. The Boys and Girls Clubs of America was made exclusively to serve kids in emergency, kids who are in danger for some, things including not graduating on schedule. This club’s self-claimed crucial that it serves to make, â€Å"A safe spot to learn and develop, continuous associations with mindful, grown-up experts, life-improving projects and character improvement encounters and trust and opportunity.† at the end of the day, this club serves to furnish kids with the help they need in a sheltered situation. These clubs have numerous nearby sections and right now serve numerous children, and they are anything but difficult to make. Different answers for the drop-out emergency incorporate making guides or mates for in danger understudies in school and understudies getting paid for passing marks; each are compelling in various ways. By matching in danger understudies at school with different understudies who have high instruction objectives, an emotionally supportive network is made where a companion can set the model and be the help. Paying understudies for their passing marks makes motivator for understudies to remain in school, yet to progress admirably. These arrangements and numerous others can be anything but difficult to execute and are exceptionally viable. With drop-out rates so high, more move should be made by school and network to improve the fates of numerous youngsters and numerous means can be taken to do as such. As Benjamin Franklin once stated, â€Å"An interest in information pays the best interest.† An interest in a secondary school recognition is to the greatest advantage of everybody.

Biology Chapter 13 How Cells Obtain Energy From Food - 3850 Words

Biology Chapter 13: How Cells Obtain Energy From Food (Multiple Choice Questions Sample) Content: CHAPTER 13HOW CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY FROM FOOD2009 Garland Science PublishingThe Breakdown and Utilization of Sugars and Fats13-1Glycolysis is an anaerobic process used to catabolize glucose. What does it mean for this process to be anaerobic?(a)No oxygen is required.(b)No oxidation occurs.(c)It takes place in the lysosome.(d)Glucose is broken down by the addition of electrons.13-2Which of the following stages in the breakdown of the piece of toast you had for breakfast generates the most ATP?(a)the digestion of starch to glucose(b)glycolysis(c)the citric acid cycle(d)oxidative phosphorylation13-3The advantage to the cell of the gradual oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration compared with its combustion to CO2 and H2O in a single step is that ________________.(a)more free energy is released for a given amount of glucose oxidized(b)no energy is lost as heat(c)energy can be extracted in usable amounts(d)more CO2 is produced for a given amount of glucose oxidized1 3-4The final metabolite produced by glycolysis is ___________.(a)acetyl CoA(b)pyruvate(c)3-phosphoglycerate(d)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate13-5Glycolysis generates more stored energy than it expends. What is the net number of activated carrier molecules produced in this process (number and type of molecules produced minus the number of those molecules used as input)?(a)6 ATP, 2 NADH(b)4 ATP, 4 NADH(c)2 ATP, 2 NADH(d)4 ATP, 2 NADH13-6Which of the following steps or processes in aerobic respiration include the production of carbon dioxide?(a)breakdown of glycogen(b)glycolysis(c)conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA(d)oxidative phosphorylation13-7In step 4 of glycolysis, a six-carbon sugar (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) is cleaved to produce two three-carbon molecules (dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate). Which enzyme catalyzes this reaction?(a)aldolase(b)phosphoglucose isomerase(c)enolase(d)triose phosphate isomerase13-8On a diet consisting of nothing but protein, whic h of the following is the most likely outcome?(a)loss of weight because amino acids cannot be used for the synthesis of fat(b)muscle gain because the amino acids will go directly into building muscle(c)tiredness because amino acids cannot be used to generate energy(d)excretion of more nitrogenous (ammonia-derived) wastes than with a more balanced diet13-9Figure Q13-9 represents a cell lining the gut. Draw numbered labeled lines to indicate exactly where inside a cell the following processes take place.26803351841500Figure Q13-91.glycolysis2.citric acid cycle3.conversion of pyruvate to activated acetyl groups4.oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl CoA5.glycogen breakdown6.release of fatty acids from triacylglycerols7.oxidative phosphorylation13-10Fill in the spaces in the table below. For steps 1, 4, 5, and 8, name the correct substrates, enzyme, or products. For all the other steps, name the enzyme and draw the missing structure.9658351016000013-11Which of the following processes do no t take place in the mitochondria?(a)citric acid cycle(b)conversion of pyruvate to activated acetyl groups(c)oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl CoA(d)glycogen breakdown13-12Which reaction does the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase catalyze?(a)glucose à ¢ glucose 6-phosphate(b)fructose 6-phosphate à ¢ fructose 1,6-bisphosphate(c)glucose 6-phosphate à ¢ fructose 6-phosphate(d)glucose à ¢ glucose 1-phosphate13-13What purpose does the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate by the enzyme hexokinase serve as the first step in glycolysis?(a)It helps drive the uptake of glucose from outside the cell.(b)It generates a high-energy phosphate bond.(c)It converts ATP to a more useful form.(d)It enables the glucose 6-phosphate to be recognized by phosphofructokinase, the next enzyme in the glycolytic pathway.13-14A.How does the generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation differ from ATP generation by substrate-level phosphorylation?B.What catabolic process uses substrate-level phos phorylation, and how many ATP molecules are generated in this way in the reaction pathway?C.Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place, and what other processes are required for this to occur?13-15Which of the following cells rely exclusively on glycolysis to supply them with ATP?(a)anaerobically growing yeast(b)aerobic bacteria(c)skeletal muscle cells(d)plant cells13-16In anaerobic conditions, skeletal muscle produces _____________.(a)lactate and CO2(b)ethanol and CO2(c)lactate only(d)ethanol only13-17Anaerobically growing yeast further metabolizes the pyruvate produced by glycolysis to CO2 and ethanol as part of a series of fermentation reactions.A.What other important reaction occurs during this fermentation step?B.Why is this reaction (i.e., the answer to part A) essential for the anaerobically growing cell?ANSWERA. NADH --- NAD+B.Under anaerobic conditions, it is the only means of regenerating the NAD+ required for glycolysis, the main energy-generating pathway of an anaer obically growing yeast cell.13-18The first energy-generating steps in glycolysis begin when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate undergoes an energetically favorable reaction in which it is simultaneously oxidized and phosphorylated by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, with the accompanying conversion of NAD+ to NADH. In a second energetically favorable reaction catalyzed by a second enzyme, the 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is then converted to 3-phosphoglycerate, with the accompanying conversion of ADP to ATP. Which of the following statements is true?(a)The reaction glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate à ¢ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate should be inhibited when levels of NADH fall.(b)The ÃŽÂ ´G for the oxidation of the aldehyde group on glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form a carboxylic acid is more negative than the ÃŽÂ ´G for ATP hydrolysis.(c)The high-energy bond to the phosphate group in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate contributes to driving the rea ction forward.(d)The cysteine side chain on the enzyme is oxidized by NAD+.13-19The simultaneous oxidation and phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate forms a highly reactive covalent thioester bond between a cysteine side chain (reactive group à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬SH) on the enzyme (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and the oxidized intermediate (see arrow in Figure Q13-19A). If the enzyme had a serine (reactive group à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬OH) instead of a cysteine at this position, which could form only a much lower-energy bond to the oxidized substrate (see arrow in Figure Q13-19B), how might this new enzyme act?18802358699500Figure Q13-19(a)It would oxidize the substrate and phosphorylate it without releasing it.(b)It would oxidize the substrate but not release it.(c)It would phosphorylate the substrate on the 2 position instead of the 1 position.(d)It would behave just like the normal enzyme.13-20In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can switch to a completely anaerobic metabolism cal led fermentation. Which of the following is a final product of fermentation in yeast?2108835-34036000ANSWERDiagram A13-21Pyruvate must move from the cytosol into the mitochondria, where it oxidized to form CO2 and acetyl CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. How many different enzymes and what total number of polypeptides, respectively, are required to perform this oxidation process in the mitochondrion?(a)1; 60(b)3; 3(c)3; 26(d)3; 6013-22In the absence of oxygen, mammalian cells will endure for a short time using a process called fermentation. Which of the following is a final product of fermentation in mammalian cells?21088351549400013-23In the reaction cycle involved in the oxidation of pyruvate, what are the advantages of having three enzyme activities contained in a single large complex instead of having three smaller and physically independent enzymes?ANSWERthe proximity of one enzyme to another increases the overall reaction rate this allows for coordinated control of en zyme activity this allows for channeling of intermediates, minimized side reactions13-24Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle comprise two different sets of oxidation reactions. The reaction sequence for glycolysis is linear, whereas the reaction sequence for the citirc acid cycle forms a circle. How does this difference in the arrangement of reactions influence the rare of these processes when an excess amount of a single intermediate is added?13-25Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. If a statement is false, explain why it is false.A.During glycolysis, glucose molecules are broken down to yield CO2 and H2O.B.The cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate yields two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.C.Anaerobic respiration is not the same as fermentation, as only the former requires an electron-transport chain.D.When subjected to anaerobic conditions, glycolysis in mammalian cells continues and causes a buildup of pyruvate in the cytosol.E.The pyruvate dehyd rogenase complex catalyzes three different, but linked, enzymatic reactions.F.Amino acids can be transported into the mitochondria and converted into acetyl CoA.A: TRUE13-26The reaction cycle that uses acetyl CoA to generate electron carrier molecules needed in the electron-transport chain is important for powering the cell. Which of the names below is not one of those commonly used to describe this reaction cycle?(a)tricarboxylic acid cycle(b)Krebs cycle(c)o...

Medical Use of Marijuana

Medical Use of Marijuana Marijuana is used as a medicine for killing pain and relieving a number of symptoms. The use of marijuana in medical practice is, however, not legal in many states in the USA. The medical term for marijuana is â€Å"cannabis†. When patients go through extreme pain, marijuana is used as a pain reliever. It is also applied to treat chemotherapy patients who have loss of appetite due to nausea. The medical use of marijuana as a natural cure has enabled doctors to effectively administer it as a drug for many ailments, including many life threatening illnesses. Cannabis is very effective in treating chronic neck and back pain. Since other pain medications can be addictive, they can cause additional problems to the patient apart from the pain that they have to deal with. Since marijuana is not addictive, it is a much preferred solution to deal with chronic pain. Cannabis can also be used in the place of anti-inflammatory drug, many of which can be addictive. When cannabis is smoked, it provides almost instant relief. Another medical condition that Cannabis can provide relief for is gastritis. Some of the symptoms of this disease can be extremely painful and Cannabis can provide instant relief, especially when patients have a flare up. It helps by relaxing the muscles and regulating the pain. Some of the side effects of the medications used for treating HIV and AIDS include loss of appetite and pain in the body. Cannabis is therefore prescribed for them in an effort to improve their appetite and help them regain the weight they lose. Most of these patients undergo depression due to their condition. Cannabis has also been effective in treating such a state. Cannabis can also be an effective medicine for alleviating many of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome or PMS. Many women experience pain, irritability and abdominal cramps before the onset of their periods. Cannabis has proven to be an effective cure for these symptoms. There has been some controversy over using marijuana for medical purposes. Since it is also abused as a drug, many people have mixed reactions to its use in medicine. However, its efficiency in treating many hard conditions warrants a serious look into its use in medical science.

W.B Yeats Great War Poets Symbolism - 2893 Words

Discuss the use of symbols and correspondences in the set writers on the module. William Butler Yeats was considered to be one of the most important symbolists of the 20th Century. Believed to have been influenced by the French symbolist movement of the 19th Century, his poems incorporated symbols as a means of representing mystical, dream-like and abstract ideals. This was especially prevalent towards the latter part of his life when, inspired by his wife Georgiana Hyde-Lees, he developed a symbolic system which theorized movements through major cycles of history in his book A Vision (1925, 1937)[1]. â€Å"The Wild Swans at Coole† and â€Å"The Second Coming† are poems of Yeats’ which incorporate symbols, and will be discussed in this essay.†¦show more content†¦The sphinx is spotted â€Å"somewhere in the sands of the desert†[9]. The desert is symbolic of the temptation of Christ during his forty days and forty nights fasting by the devil. Therefore the sphinx can be associated with the devil in heralding the second coming o f Christ. The city of Bethlehem mentioned in the last line of the poem is symbolic of the entering into the world of powerful and Godly forces, Christ being one of purity. However, the â€Å"rough beast†[10] which moves its â€Å"slow thighs†[11] and â€Å"slouches† towards Bethlehem to bring a reign of terror as its â€Å"hour come round at last† symbolises anything but purity. Symbolism is also a strong element in Yeats’ poem â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole†. This is most obviously seen through the actual swans in the poem. In the poem, it has been nineteen years (â€Å"the nineteenth autumn has come upon me†[12]) since Yeats has visited the park and seen the swans. He admits that his â€Å"heart is sore†[13] upon seeing the â€Å"brilliant creatures†[14], alluding to the fact that time has passed by, and he has changed, whereas these â€Å"mysterious†[15] swans have not. Their â€Å"hearts have not grown old†[ 16], and they still â€Å"paddle† beside each other, â€Å"lover by lover†, doing what they please, transcending time itself to swim down the â€Å"companionable streams or climb the air†.[17]Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Second Coming By W. B. Yeats1190 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Butler Yeats was a great Irish poet of the twentieth century. During his lifespan World War I occurred, along with its resulting political upheaval. He also lived in the century before the change of the millennium, a theme touched upon in his poems. He, like many other authors, incorporated the events that occurred during his life into his work. This important factor of the time period is clearly reflected in his work, â€Å"The Second Coming.† The critical consensus regarding the poem â€Å"The SecondRead MoreEssay on Wilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est1499 Words   |  6 PagesWilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est Through poems with blazing guns, spurting blood, and screaming agony, Wilfred Owen justly deserves the label, applied by critics, of war poet. Some critics, like W.B. Yeats who said, â€Å"I consider [Wilfred Owen] unworthy of the poets corner of a country news paper,† (362) satisfy themselves with this label and argue Owen lacked the artistic merit to be given much attention beyond it. However, many other Owen critics like David Daiches interest themselves inRead More W.B. Yeats Poetry Essay2306 Words   |  10 PagesW.B. Yeats Poetry Many literary critics have observed that over the course of W. B. Yeats’ poetic career, readers can perceive a distinct change in the style of his writing. Most notably, he appears to adopt a far more cynical tone in the poems he generated in the later half of his life than in his earlier pastoral works. This somewhat depressing trend is often attributed to the fact that he is simply becoming more conservative and pessimistic in his declining years, but in truth it representsRead MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 Pages Different opinions of different poets on life and death found in their poems are also presented and contrasted in this paper. This paper will be of use and help to the learners of English. Introduction: To many, Death creates uncertainty and fear. It seems we shall never meet again. But the poets remind us of the essential truths of life, death and immortality. In her poem Turn again to Life, the poet Mary Lee Hall, says â€Å"If death is a chapter in a bookRead MoreModernist Elements in the Hollow Men7051 Words   |  29 Pagesfit the modern man as described by Fitzgerald, Faulkner and others of the poet’s contemporaries. It is marked by its tendency to bring together the intellectual, the aesthetic and the emotional in a way that both condemns the past and honors it. The poet expressed modernism as a new system of thought that does not fully deny traditionality by using devices such as allusions to previous texts. In â€Å"The Tradition and the Individual Talent†, Eliot emphasizes the role of literary tradition viewing the best

Ancient Mesopotamia Essay - 1004 Words

It is undeniable that the natural environment of ancient Mesopotamia had a profound effect on the earliest civilizations known to the world. Humankind’s ability to control irrigation waters directly correlates with the rise of mass agriculture. With this mastery of their river environment, early farmers were capable of supporting large urban populations. However, in Mesopotamia the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were both a source of life as well as destruction for early societies. In many ways, the geography of ancient Mesopotamia fostered a sense of catastrophic determinism within the Sumerians, Akkadians, and Babylonians. The scarcity of resources as well as the untamable nature of their deluge environment led these early people to†¦show more content†¦The impermanence of these structures furthered their deterministic world view by instilling with this ancient society a strong sense of fatalism. Everything they built was bound to be destroyed by their geographic environment. All of their hard work could be taken away in the instance of a flash flood or doomed by harsh desert corrosion. Only a hero king who is â€Å"two-thirds god† could bring precious wood into the river valley. 2 In this light, Gilgamesh’s quest for wood offers a small window into the effects of geographic constraints within Mesopotamian society. Similar to the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Law Codes of Hammurabi unveil a society in which a harsh environment led to a set world view. In an age where it was commonly believed Mesopotamian gods had already preordained the future, Hammurabi’s code came to be viewed as the embodiment of these gods’ will. The prologue of Hammurabi’s Code proclaims that Enil (the storm god) is the â€Å"determiner of destinies of the land† and â€Å"functions over all mankind.†3 This opening verse of Hammurabi’s Code demonstrates the people of Babylon firmly believed their fate was set in sto ne by the gods. However, later and more pragmatic sections of the Law Code offer firm evidence that diluvian geography, not divine intervention, was the underlying reason for Mesopotamian determinism. In other words, it was the environment which ledShow MoreRelatedAncient Civilizations Of Mesopotamia And Mesopotamia1851 Words   |  8 Pages Sumerian (3500-2300BC)Babylonian (1792-1750 BC) both belong to civilizations of Mesopotamia, but they existed different period. The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia are the source of the earliest surviving art; these civilizations were situated between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. Dating back to 3500 B.C.E., Mesopotamian art was intended to serve as a way to glorify powerful rulers and their connection to divinity. Art was made from natural resources such as stone, shells, alabasterRead MoreThe Origin Of Ancient Mesopotamia760 Words   |  4 Pagescylinder seal of a horned man/beast found in area of ancient Mesopotamia. Goat Creatures in the Middle East In Syria, a province of Mesopotamia, the discovery of a black steatite cylinder seal occurs having solid chiseled markings of a goat, surrounded by stars, a crescent moon, and a sacred tree; appearing as a god-king, dating 1800-1600 B.C. Concurrently this endures among other numerous cylinder seals with goats or horned goatmen cut in ancient stones. In addition, reoccurring again with AssyrianRead MoreAncient Egypt, Mesopotamia, And Mesopotamia1337 Words   |  6 PagesIn ancient Egypt, Rome and Mesopotamia the connections that the people had with their rulers stemmed from their belief that their ruler had a close connection with their God’s. Because of the vast role that religion played in their lives it was important to show their admiration and appreciation for these royal beings. From a psychological standpoint, through their style, significance, and idealization, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Rome’s depictions of royalty within their artworks functioned as the bestRead MoreThe General History Of Ancient Mesopotamia1247 Words   |  5 PagesMRS 101: The general history of ancient Mesopotamia: people groups, culture, and religion Situated in the Tigris Euphrates valley was the property of Mesopotamia. It was here that the first cities in the world were founded between 4000 - 3500 BC from the Sumerian people. They developed their very own belief system, using various goddesses and gods. They developed rites and spiritual practices for worshiping these strong deities. Their daily lives were also much different than those of the last hunterRead MoreMesopotamia And Its Impact On Ancient Civilization994 Words   |  4 PagesMesopotamia, or â€Å"land between the rivers† as the name translates to in Greek, is exactly as it states; in the region of southwestern Asia, the land itself is named for it s initial position between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. However, Mesopotamia can be defined as having a reach into what is now Syria, Turkey and most of Iraq (History of Mesopotamia, 2016). This ancient civilization houses one of the earliest cities throughout human history, appearing around 3500 BC, though hu man settlementRead MoreAncient Mesopotamia And Ancient Civilizations896 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout many cultures in ancient civilizations, humans have held a belief in superior beings to which they called gods. The gods, in the eyes of many of the ancient people, were responsible for many things such as crop growth, storms, fertility, and even creation of life. The Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and the Hebrews all had gods that they interacted with. Understanding the likenesses and differences in how these people interacted with their gods might give us an insight to how similar or differentRead MoreThe Greatest Hero Figure Of Ancient Mesopotamia Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagessociety and culture. The best-known individual of Mesopotamia was Gilgamesh. He was in a cycle of stories called Epic of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh was the greatest hero figure of ancient Mesopotamia. Though the stories focus on the adventures of both Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu, the stories explored themes like ambition and the longing for immortality. These themes reflected the interests of the urban -based society that emerged in Mesopotamia. In Mesopotamia there was a quest for order, a formation of aRead MoreThe Destruction Of Ancient Mesopotamia1324 Words   |  6 PagesFor ancient civilizations the most important part of life was having a food source. For this reason, early human civilizations were usually established on or near a water source. In addition, they faced many problems with native animals and their natural habitats. Because of their lack of knowledge they searched for reasons to explain their hardships. Ancient civilizations physical environments were harsh, but the resources of the environment were essential for survival. Since the Ancient EgyptiansRead MoreSimilarities Between Mesopotamian And Ancient Mesopotamia1628 Words   |  7 Pagescan be shown in the Great Lyre, from the Royal Tomb of Ur, Stele of Naram-sin, from Sipper, Babylon, and Law Code of Hammurabi, which was also caved in Babylon as well. All three pieces of art are very different and are f rom different parts of Mesopotamia. However, they all have one main thing in common; the Great Lyre, the Stele of Naram-sin, and the Law Code of Hammurabi show the hierarchical shift and rise of the sun god, Utu. History The Mesopotamians had many gods and goddess. Sometimes theirRead MoreGender Roles Of Ancient Mesopotamia1543 Words   |  7 Pages Gender roles in ancient Mesopotamia were clearly defined (teachmiddleeast.edu). Generally, men worked outside of the home and women stayed inside of the home while focusing on raising their children and keeping up with work that took place in the home. However, there were exceptions; we know of women who were â€Å"bartenders† and even women who were priestesses, but with limited responsibility. Due to the fact that some were from socially higher families and owned large amounts of property, those women

Governments Support For Healthcare Reform - 1180 Words

Many problems arise when people come together to form a society. One of those problems is how they govern themselves, take care of their own and those less fortunate than themselves. The role of the government is to take care of the people that make up that said government. But a government run program with hundreds of millions of people will have it slow pace of effectiveness and reform. The US government is a prime example of extremely slow change to reform. But the government must fill of role of providing for the health of its own citizens. This take form in government aided health care programs. So ethically every person should have access to some form of healthcare. And the government should do what they can to remove any obstacles that keep people from treatment. As the country changes there has been many grassroots movements for healthcare reform. (Hoffman, 2003). When a person has to work but is unable to due to injury and or sickness riddles the person with high cost medical bills that does nothing but stress and worsens the situation of the person. America has gone through many healthcare reforms but is still slow to get treatment for the people who depend on government aided care. One of the first major advocates for health care in the US was Theodore Roosevelt in the early 1900s with the rise of progressivism in society. Then later, Franklin Delano Roosevelt also was an advocate for public funded health programs like social security during theShow MoreRelatedNhs Reform Essay examples1662 Words   |  7 Pagespaper briefing, July 2010 The Secretary of State for Health, Andrew Lansley, has set out the government’s plans to reform the NHS in England. The plans, documented in a new white paper entitled ‘Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS’, state that more power will be given to patients and professionals in the design and delivery of health and social care. This briefing outlines a summary of the key reforms. Please note, some terms which require further clarification are explained in a glossary atRead More Health Care Reform: Losing More Than You Think Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pages President Obama has made healthcare reform a priority since the beginning of his presidency. Obama wants to implement a system similar to Medicare. As defined by Dictionary.com Medicare is: â€Å"a U.S. government program of hospitalization insurance and voluntary medical insurance for persons aged 65 and over and for certain disabled persons under 65†. This government based health insurance would sti ll allow private insurance companies to stay in business. Another way Obama wants to change the healthRead MoreHealthcare Inequality in the United Kingdom1849 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare Inequality and the UK Poor The United Kingdom is one of the most technologically advanced and financially able countries in the European Union and the world. According to economic scale, the UK has the sixth largest economy (by GDP) in the world and the third ranked economy in the European Union (behind only Germany and France). However, the united kingdom has some of the largest healthcare inequalities in all of the EU. A recent study by the House of Commons Health Committee (2009)Read MoreHealth Care Reform And The Affordable Care Act1739 Words   |  7 Pagesthat put the topic of health care reform and health care costs in the national spotlight again. Once employers starting abandoning in managing the care. The purpose of this paper is discuss the Health Care Reforms of the key issues, challenges, opportunities and is the health care reform good thing or not. The enactment of the health care reform comes from the path of dependence. The Health Care Reform, was passed by President Obama, this is a federal government’s role that is financed by deliveringRead MoreChallenges Faced United Arb Emirates (UAE) Health Care System681 Words   |  3 Pagescost-effective procedure and treatment, thats what makes UAE put long-term strategy to achieve this aspiration (world health organization, 2005-2009). In order to support the health care system, the UAE government increasingly focused its effort to attract special high-level health care providers to the UAE. However, despite the strong support of the UAE government, health care providers, still facing major challenges to grow and operate in the Emarites. There are several challenges faced UAE healthRead MoreA Brief Note On Mixed Health Care System1163 Words   |  5 PagesBrazil Mixed health care system – The public system has universal health coverage so everyone so everyone can use it at no additional cost. Another 25% of the population has private health insurance and are still entitled to the public healthcare system. In 2014 the federal budget for health care was 106 billion. They have established the SUS (Unified health system) which evaluates the efficiency, safety, effectiveness and cost of different phases of diseases with different technologies. They haveRead MoreAffordable Care Act Papers1710 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 2010. Its goal was to attempt to reform the American health care system, provide health insurance to tens of millions of uninsured Americans, and lower prices related to health care. The ACA is certainly one of controversies that emerged in early 2010—the other issue is the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, which additionally surpassed in March 2010. The ACA and associated rules is a part of a decades-long attempt to reform the nation’s healthcare system and make certain that greaterRead MoreThe Issue Of Healthcare Coverage963 Words   |  4 Pages The issue of healthcare coverage under the federal health reform has been politically debated by many Americans, including the current Democratic presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders. The healthcare reform enacted in 2010 under President Obama’s regime intended to support the ongoing healthcare system as a building block to enhance more access to health insurance coverage for millions of uninsured Americans; yet the government’s tireless effort to ensure all individualsRead MoreResurgence of Conservatism1211 Words   |  5 Pagesfor most of the 1900s. The 1960s was widely known for being the age of counterculture, social reforms, and liberals. The era witnessed many advancements like racial equality such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a strong advancement in political liberalism, and a significant increase in the power and influence of government-funded social programs as a result of Lyndon B. Johnsons Great Society reforms. Beginning with the election of Nixon, however, followed a gradual return to conservatism whetherRead MoreA Brief No te On Mixed Healthcare System And The Public System1163 Words   |  5 Pages Brazil Mixed healthcare system – The public system has universal health coverage so everyone so everyone can use it at no additional cost. Another 25% of the population has private health insurance and are still entitled to the public health care system. In 2014 the federal budget for health care was 106 billion. They have established the SUS (Unified health system) which evaluates the efficiency, safety, effectiveness and cost of different phases of diseases with different technologies. They

BILL PROPOSAL - 1062 Words

Bill Proposal Nur 550 April 4th, 2011 Bill Proposal To Senator Carolyn Allen, A Bill for An Act Entitled: Improved Continuity of Care Law for People with Co-occurring disorders In the Arizonan House of Representative A severe mental illness (SMI) is an assembly of mainly psychotic conditions that are, by description, extensive and related to compromised societal functioning. As stated by the surgeon general’s report of 2010, one out of five adults, or nearly 40 million Americans, suffer from some type of psychological disorder annually. In addition, about five percent of the U.S population suffers from chronic mental disorder for instance, bipolar, major depressive disorders, schizophrenia and†¦show more content†¦References Fulop, O.,Drake, R., Essock, S., Shaner, A., Carey, K., Minkoff, K., Kola, L., Lynde, D., Clark, R. Rickards, L. (2010).Implementing Dual Diagnosis Services for Clients with Severe Mental Illness. Psychiatric Services, 52 (4), 469-476 United States Department of Justice Statistics (2013). Correctional Populations in the United States. NCJ-163916. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2007). Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2011).Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity-A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Combination of health and migrant laws amendments in the state.Health and migration laws have been long standing in us politics,its an ongoing process and batlle. TheUnited States is in the midst of a heated debate on immigration policy, and a renewed debate on health care reformhas also begun in anticipation of the 2008 presidential election. Both of these debates present an important opportunity toShow MoreRelatedBill Is A Proposal For A New Law1138 Words   |  5 PagesMost new laws passed by Parliament result from proposals made by the government. Proposal aims to shape society or address particular problems. This proposal is written down on a piece of paper which is known as bill. Hence, bill is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to change and existing law, presented for debate before Parliament. Bill has to go through different processes to be enacted into law which is know as an Act or Statute. Green Paper: They are the consultation document preparedRead MoreFood Stamp Reform Bill Proposal Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesBecoming the New Normal). Food banks are designed for extreme measures such a natural disaster, extreme weather conditions, and the homeless. Because food is in short supply, our National government should create and endorse a New Food Stamp Reform Bill; because some individuals who are receiving the benefits that are allotted to them are committing fraud. Hard working Americans who make below the poverty line are denied every day for assistance because abusers are finding new creative ways to deceiveRead MoreLegislative Proposal for New Indecency Language in Telecom Bill2925 Words   |  12 PagesLegislative Proposal for New Indecency Language in Telecom Bill I. Summary Although the October 16, 1995 legislative proposal purports to regulate computer pornography, the proposal contains fatal flaws which render the proposal at best counterproductive and at worst devastating to on-line communications. First, it prohibits, but fails to define, indecent speech to minors -- a dangerously vague, medium-specific, and, after decades of litigation, still undefined concept, which may includeRead MoreThe Role of Parliamentary Committees1395 Words   |  6 Pagestwo main types of parliamentary committees, there are select committees who check and report on areas ranging from the work of government departments to economic affairs and there are public bill committees which mainly scrutinise proposed legislation in detail. The latter is unique to the commons, as Bills in the Lords are considered by the house as a whole. Committees certainly provide an air of legitimacy in the parliamentary system. Unlike debates, in which, as source A states ‘points put forwardRead MoreDonna Dubinsky and Apple Computer Case Study Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pagesexplore the concept to determine initial feasibility and then develop the Distribution Strategy Proposal. Donna Dubinsky argued that the new plan was not feasible based on â€Å"her experience and track record with distribution.† Nevertheless, the new distribution plan was gaining support from Apple upper management. Donna Dubinsky was not involved in the presentation of the Distribution Strategy Proposal. In fact she created a counterproposal which Roy Weaver presented at a three-day executive meetingRead MoreSporting Goods Store Essay examples1025 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Sporting Goods Store Bill Thompson is the new manager of a retail sporting goods store in Vermont that is part of a national chain. Bill, who is 25 years old, has been working for the company for four years. Before his promotion he was the assistant manager for two years at a company store in Delaware. Last week he was briefly introduced to the employees by his boss, the regional manager. The profit performance of this store is below average for its location and Bill is looking forward to theRead MoreAnalysis Of Heron Tower, The Junction Of Bishopsgate And Camomile Street Essay1902 Words   |  8 Pagestime and buildability of the project.(1). Further research on the design criteria led me to produce sub criteria which form the basis for my design proposals. These include: accessibility (ease of access), aesthetics, functionality, productivity and sustainability. The cost implications of these criteria, form the platform for my design change proposals. 2. Heron Tower, the design aspects The subject of my report is Heron Tower, located at the junction of Bishopsgate and Camomile Street (110 BishopsgateRead More Not Being Earnest in The Importance of Being Earnest Essay examples858 Words   |  4 PagesAlgeron and Ernest are characterized by their extravagance, a luxury affordable only because of the money accrued from family inheritance.nbsp; Neither displays any notion of an appreciation for money.nbsp; In fact, when Algernons butler hands him bills that have just arrived in the mail, Algernon simply rips them up.nbsp; Wildes conception of deceit as an accepted custom in English aristocracy is also existent in this scene.nbsp; The practice of Bunburying is established, an act where eachRead MoreRequest for Proposal Baseball Practice Field Design and Construction3483 Words   |  14 PagesREQUEST FOR PROPOSAL BASEBALL PRACTICE FIELD DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION HURRICANES’ BASEBALL TEAM logistic@hurricanes.com (832) 403-5698 PM598 – Contract and Procurement Management TABLE OF CONTENTS | 1. INSTRUCTION TO BIDDERS | 4 | | 1.1 General Description of Work | 4 | | 1.2 What Must Included in the Bid | 4 | | 1.3 Schedule of Bid period Activities | 5 | | 1.4 Location of the Work | 6 | | 1.5 Pre-Bid Meeting | 7 | | 1.6 Owner Contact for Question | 7 | | 1Read MoreThe Implementation Of Moving Freshman Students1560 Words   |  7 Pagesperformance evaluations based on results and actions. Are Your Parents an Obstacle to Change? N 1. Are your parents pleased with the school? For the most part when it comes to education, the students are responsible for grades, tuition, bills, etc. FERPA for the most part keeps others out only on a need to know basis. N 2. Will the proposed change have little or no direct effect on the parents or their children? It would have a direct effect on the students because it would allow

Position Statement Critique

Question: Discuss about the Position Statement Critique. Answer: By the provisions of the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), research is essential, and the paper has drawn its position statement from this fact. In the introduction to the report, the paper intriguingly mentions how a practice that is evidence based is regularly referred to nursing students and nurses of all cadres. Furthermore, the conclusion reiterates the vitality that research carries as far as nursing profession is concerned. As a sealing point, the author laments about the limitations of realising clinical advancements related to research in nursing hence clearly stating his/her position on the topic. Therefore, in agreement, the position statement is well structured. Regarding the topic, the author does not focus on channelling funds in the coming five years to boost research. Instead, focus is put on importance of research on health care. Again, there is a minimal insistence on funding in the next five years. Majority of the paper has presented evidence of the importance of research utilisation and its outcomes to the patients. On the other hand, the author ought to have concentrated the paper on the gaps in financing, and mentioned to the reader the same point and even cited some examples like the ineffective support from Commonwealth, and State governments ("ARC Medical Research Policy | Australian Research Council", 2016). The author demonstrates the links to the standards established by the NMBA by quoting the standard 3.1 which states that nurses should always identify how research is relevant to improve health outcomes (Richardson-Tench Elliott, 2012). Additionally, standard 3.2, that nurses have to use updated directives of practice is mentioned. However, it is inconsistent for the author to say it can be assumed that findings from the study are a vital part in the provision of nursing care because, in reality, it is not an assumption but a confirmed result from previous researches. In matters research, the provided standards are insufficient as other NMBA standards can best stress the point. For instance, the author could have supplemented the two with standard 3.5 which inclines on quality improvement and standard 4.2 which embraces professional development ("Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional standards", 2016). To ensure quality evidence from articles, books, and other scholarly sources, writers have been asked to use sources that are not older than five years ago. This paper has severally used sources that are old, for instance in 2008 and 2010. Referring to Benbow 2008, he does not give a rationale of why wounds that are kept warm heal faster than those kept dry. In contrast, a more recent source provided a rationale that a wound kept warm promotes epithelialisation thus quick healing and dry wound increases cell death hence prolonged healing ("Do wounds heal faster when exposed to air? - Wound Care Society", 2015). However, the author has included some other credible sources like the NMBA and the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) when talking about standardisation and the continuous professional development (CPD). The writer records that there is no evidence of any formal funding structure that supports nursing research in Australia. Going forward in the paper, he/she mentions the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) as the body that gives loans to medical practitioners, including nurses, in conducting research activities. It means that the author does not connect the flow of events in the document. The writer is supposed to have acknowledged that the funding bodies are insufficient but not to entirely rule out that the organisations are non-existent. In conclusion, the paper has mixed issues of quality, however, it is averagely rated. References ARC Medical Research Policy | Australian Research Council. (2016).Arc.gov.au. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://www.arc.gov.au/arc-medical-research-policy Do wounds heal faster when exposed to air? - Wound Care Society. (2015).Wound Care Society. Retrieved 6 September 2016, from https://woundcaresociety.org/do-wounds-heal-faster-when-exposed-to-air Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional standards. (2016). Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 9 September 2016, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx Richardson-Tench, M. Elliott, M. (2012). Research in nursing. South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning.

Identity crisis (joy luck club Essay Example For Students

Identity crisis (joy luck club Essay Identity Crisis(Joy Luck Club)Every person comes to a point in their life when they begin to search for themselves and their identity. Usually it is a long process and takes a long time with many wrong turns along the way. Family, teachers, and friends all help to develop a person into an individual and adult. Parents play the largest role in evolving a person. Amy Tan, author of the Joy Luck Club, uses this theme in her book. Four mothers have migrated to America from China because of their own struggles. They all want their daughters to grow up successful and without any of the hardships they went through. One mother, Suyuan, imparts her knowledge on her daughter through stories. The American culture influences her daughter, Jing Mei, to such a degree that it is hard for Jing Mei to understand her mothers culture and life lessons.Yet it is not until Jing Mei realizes that the key to understanding who her mother was and who she is lies in understanding her mothers life. Jing Mei spends her American life trying to pull away from her Chinese heritage, and therefore also ends up pulling away from her mother. Jing Mei does not understand the culture and does not feel it is necessary to her life. When she grows up it is not fashionable to be called by your Chinese name (26). She doesn’t use, understand, or remember the Chinese expressions her mother did, claiming she can never remember things she didn’t understand in the first place (6). Jing Mei begs her mother to buy her a transistor radio, but her mother refuses when she remembers something from her past, asking her daughter Why do you think you are missing something you never had? (13) Instead of viewing the situation from her mothers Chinese-influenced side, Jing Mei takes the American materialistic viewpoint and sulks in silence for an hour (13). By ignoring her mom and her moms advice, Jing Mei is also ignoring some of the similarities between her and her mother. Suyuan has also reje cted some of the Chinese traditions. Suyuan rejects the women-repressive Chinese traditions when she tells her daughter that she believed you could be anything you want to be in America (141). Suyuan continually tells Jing Mei her Kweilin story as a child, the story of the origins of the Joy Luck Club as well as her mothers past hardships. Yet despite the importance of the story and the events constituting the story to Suyuan, Jing Mei never thought her mothers Kweilin story was anything but a Chinese fairy tale (12). The story would have the same meaning to Jing Mei as if she were being told the story of Sleeping Beauty, or some other American bedtime story. When Jing Mei recognizes the similarities between her mother and herself she begins to understand not only her mother but herself as well. There are subtle connections and likenesses from the beginning between Jing Mei and her mother that Jing Mei does not see. The book commences with Jing Mei taking her mothers place at the mah jong table, creating a similarity between them from the beginning. Suyuan dies two months before the start of the book, and therefore is not able to tell the stories. Jing Mei has learned and must tell her stories in her place, forming another parallelism between mother and daughter. Because Suyuan is dead, Jing Mei must act in place of her mother when she goes to meet her Chinese sisters in China. Throughout the book Jing Mei takes the place of Suyuan, showing she and her mother have a unique link even with the barrier of the living world. Jing Mei finally begins to realize her identity and past when she travels in place of her mother to China to meet her two twin sisters. Suyuan had to make the hard decision to leave her twin babies on the side of the road in hopes some kind stranger would tak e them in, that way she would not have to see them die. Suyuan searches for her babies all through her life in America, sending multitudes of letters; they finally get in touch with her two months after she has died. Because her mother is not alive to meet her children, Jing Mei takes her place and the trip enables her to finally recognize her Chinese ancestry. The minute she enters China she feels different and can realize that she is becoming Chinese (306). At fifteen Jing Mei believed she was only as Chinese as her Caucasian friends (306). Yet her mother counters thoughts, telling her: Once you are born Chinese, you cannot help but feel and think Chinese (306). Once in China Jing Mei decides her mother was right and she has never really known what it meant to be Chinese (307). She has never understood her mother or her heritage. This trip is the connecting link to understanding her life. She begins to feel natural in China, thinking to herself on the train: I am in China†¦ I t feels right (312). Jing Mei sees the landscape, the people, the histories, and the families in China and sees where her mother was speaking from all of those years. She knows a little percent of her mother know (15). It becomes obvious to Jing Mei to see what part of her is Chinese; it is in her family, in her blood (331). Jing Mei finally realizes herself when she travels to China, trying to connect with her mother and searching for her identity. The longer she stays in China, the more connected Jing Mei feels to her mother, the more she feels at home, and the more she understands what her mother was trying to teach her. At last when Jing Mei embraces her sisters for the first time at the airport, and they look at the Polaroid so view their similarities, Jing Mei realizes the part of her that is Chinese is her family. She must embrace the memory of her dead mother to grasp that part of her identity.

Origins And History Of The Electoral College Essays -

Origins And History Of The Electoral College Origins and History of the Electoral College In order to appreciate the reasons for the Electoral College, it is essential to understand its historical context and the problem that the Founding Fathers were trying to solve. They faced the difficult question of how to elect a president in a nation that: Origins of the Electoral College The Constitutional Convention considered several possible methods of selecting a president. One idea was to have the Congress choose the president. This idea was rejected, however, because some felt that making such a choice would be too divisive an issue and leave too many hard feelings in the Congress. Others felt that such a procedure would invite unseemly political bargaining, corruption, and perhaps even interference from foreign powers. Still others felt that such an arrangement would upset the balance of power between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government. A second idea was to have the State legislatures select the pres ident. This idea, too, was rejected out of fears that a president so beholden to the State legislatures might permit them to erode federal authority and thus undermine the whole idea of a federation. A third idea was to have the president elected by a direct popular vote. Direct election was rejected not because the Framers of the Constitution doubted public intelligence but rather because they feared that without sufficient information about candidates from outside their State, people would naturally vote for a favorite son from their own State or region. At worst, no president would emerge with a popular majority sufficient to govern the whole country. At best, the choice of president would always be decided by the largest, most populous States with little regard for the smaller ones. Finally, a so-called Committee of Eleven in the Constitutional Convention proposed an indirect election of the president through a College of Electors. The First Design In the first design of the Ele ctoral College (described in Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution): Each State was allocated a number of Electors equal to the number of its U.S. Senators (always 2) plus the number of its U.S. Representatives (which may change each decade according to the size of each State?s population as determined in the decennial census). This arrangement built upon an earlier compromise in the design of the Congress itself and thus satisfied both large and small States. The manner of choosing the Electors was left to the individual State legislatures, thereby pacifying States suspicious of a central national government. Members of Congress and employees of the federal government were specifically prohibited from serving as an Elector in order to maintain the balance between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government. Each State?s Electors were required to meet in their respective States rather than all together in one great meeting. This arrangement, it was thought, would prevent bribery, corruption, secret dealing, and foreign influence. In order to prevent Electors from voting only for a favorite son of their own State, each Elector was required to cast two votes for president, at least one of which had to be for someone outside their home State. The idea, presumably, was that the winner would likely be everyone?s second favorite choice. The electoral votes were to be sealed and transmitted from each of the States to the President of the Senate who would then open them before both houses of the Congress and read the results. n The person with the most electoral votes, provided that it was an absolute majority (at least one over half of the total), became president. Whoever obtained the next greatest number of electoral votes became vice president?an office which they seem to have invented for the occasion since it had not been mentioned previously in the Constitutional Convention. In the event that no one obtained an absolute majority in the Electoral College or in the event of a tie vote, the U.S. House of Representatives, as the chamber closest to the people, would choose the president from among the top five contenders. They would do this (as a further concession to the small States) by allowing each State to cast only one

The Feedback Draft Essay Sample - Uses it to Write Better!

The Feedback Draft Essay Sample - Uses it to Write Better!The feedback draft essay sample is an important and very useful tool that every student needs to have on their academic portfolio. A quick assessment of what the student has written will allow a teacher to judge if the student is ready for the written part of the assignment.A good feedback draft essay sample is a lot more than just a little bit of writing that does not relate well to the topic. A student can get into trouble if he/she does not know what to write in the student feedback portion of the written test.The best feedback draft essay samples will show a student exactly how to construct a written piece that connects in an interesting way with the topics of the essay. Most students will feel great when they do well, so the teacher can use that as a motivating factor to get them to write better. If the student fails a test, it will also cause a negative feeling for that student and will make them work even harder.A good feedback essay sample will show students what kind of a piece they should write. Usually a short response will be the best. Students can take the feedback to sample and apply it in different types of essays and short responses.The feedback draft essay sample is helpful for students because it makes it easy for them to write about something they are already familiar with. If a student has studied the bible, for example, a feedback essay can show him how to write the simple short response like a bible story. There are many ways that a student can be encouraged to write the feedback response properly.One way is to encourage a student to think out of the box and think up a way to write a response that connects with his/her knowledge of the subject. This will help the student to write a powerful and exciting essay that a teacher will be proud to have as his/her own.If a student cannot figure out what to write in the response section, the feedback draft can also show him how to write a re sponse with his own idea. For example, the student might write about trying to figure out what someone else is talking about when they talk about something they know very little about. This is an excellent way to go when writing the short response portion of the assignment.The feedback draft essay sample is an extremely valuable tool for students that are struggling in school. Students can use this tool to come up with a number of interesting essays that can inspire them and get them excited about getting better at writing.

Free Essays on A Midsummer Nights Dream

In the ancient city of Athens a wedding is about to take place between Theseus, duke of Athens, and Hippolyta, the Amazon warrior queen who he had won. They meet in the duke's palace to discuss their marriage festivities. Suddenly, Egeus storms in, extremely upset. He wants his daughter, Hermia, to marry Demetrius, who is in love with her. Hermia, however, is in love with Lysander and refuses to give in to her father's demands. The two men and the woman they both love state their case before the duke. Theseus explains that Athenian law is on the side of the father: Hermia must give into his wishes, not follow her own desire. Also, Hermia must either obey the law, remain a virgin and enter a nunnery, or die! Hermia is given until the next new moon the wedding day of Theseus and Hippolyta to make her decision. She and Lysander secretly plan, instead, to run from Athens and live outside of town with an aunt of Lysander's. Helena, arrives, she is in love with Demetrius, but he doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t love her. In the house of Quince, a carpenter, several Athenian workingmen meet to discuss their plans to present a play as entertainment for the wedding of the duke. Quince, Snug, Bottom, Flute, Snout, and Starveling have decided on a play entitled "The most lamentable comedy, and most cruel death of Pyramus and Thisby." Parts are assigned to each player, but only after Bottom, shows how he could play all the parts himself. They agree to rehearse the following evening in a wood outside of town. Next the players are in an entirely different order. They are Oberon, the king of the fairies, his queen, Titania, and Puck (or Robin Goodfellow), a fairly like attendant of the king. Oberon and Titania have been fighting over the possession of a young Indian boy that both want, but the Queen will not hand him over. Oberon, with the aid of Puck, plans his revenge on Titania. He will drop the juice of a magic flower into the eyes of his sleeping queen. When ... Free Essays on A Midsummer Night's Dream Free Essays on A Midsummer Night's Dream A Midsummer Night’s Dream In the beginning of the play, Hermia was refusing to marry a man named Demetrius because she was in love with another man named Lysander. Hermia and Lysander planned to run away into the forest together the next day so they could get married. In the forest, the king of the fairies tells another fairy named Puck to get a flower that makes you fall in love with the first person you see. Puck started anointing everyone with the magical flower, but he anoints all of the wrong people. Both Lysander and Demetrius end up falling in love with Helena and they all start fighting with each other because Helena just thinks they are leading her on. He also turned Bottom into a donkey and made the queen of the fairies fall in love with him. The king of the faries puts all of them to sleep to fix things while the spell wears off. They all wake up loving the right people and then Demetrius marries Helena and Lysander marries Hermia. I liked the play a lot because it wasn’t too hard to follow and it was extremely funny. My favorite parts were when Hermia, Helena, Demetrius, and Lysander were all under the spell and arguing, the play within the play, and the dancing at the end. I thought the celtic music was one of the best parts. I liked it a lot because the actors all came down in the audience and were dancing. I thought it was a good ending to a really good play.... Free Essays on A Midsummer Night's Dream In the ancient city of Athens a wedding is about to take place between Theseus, duke of Athens, and Hippolyta, the Amazon warrior queen who he had won. They meet in the duke's palace to discuss their marriage festivities. Suddenly, Egeus storms in, extremely upset. He wants his daughter, Hermia, to marry Demetrius, who is in love with her. Hermia, however, is in love with Lysander and refuses to give in to her father's demands. The two men and the woman they both love state their case before the duke. Theseus explains that Athenian law is on the side of the father: Hermia must give into his wishes, not follow her own desire. Also, Hermia must either obey the law, remain a virgin and enter a nunnery, or die! Hermia is given until the next new moon the wedding day of Theseus and Hippolyta to make her decision. She and Lysander secretly plan, instead, to run from Athens and live outside of town with an aunt of Lysander's. Helena, arrives, she is in love with Demetrius, but he doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t love her. In the house of Quince, a carpenter, several Athenian workingmen meet to discuss their plans to present a play as entertainment for the wedding of the duke. Quince, Snug, Bottom, Flute, Snout, and Starveling have decided on a play entitled "The most lamentable comedy, and most cruel death of Pyramus and Thisby." Parts are assigned to each player, but only after Bottom, shows how he could play all the parts himself. They agree to rehearse the following evening in a wood outside of town. Next the players are in an entirely different order. They are Oberon, the king of the fairies, his queen, Titania, and Puck (or Robin Goodfellow), a fairly like attendant of the king. Oberon and Titania have been fighting over the possession of a young Indian boy that both want, but the Queen will not hand him over. Oberon, with the aid of Puck, plans his revenge on Titania. He will drop the juice of a magic flower into the eyes of his sleeping queen. When ... Free Essays on A Midsummer Night's Dream A Midsummer Night’s Dream, written by William Shakespeare is a lively comedy. It takes place in the realm of both the mortals and the fairies. The realm of the mortals is often referred to as the â€Å"real world† and the realm of the fairies as the â€Å"fairy world.† Both worlds are presented with problems. Neither world is faultless. Egeus commands Hermia to marry Demetrius. However, Hermia loves Lysander and the two lovers decide to run away. Helena is in love with Demetrius, who does not return her love. Helena, who is aware of the two lovers’ plan, tells the plan to Demetrius. This is the beginning of the comedic complications between the love affairs of Hermia, Helena, Lysander, and Demetrius. The fairy world has problems of its own. Oberon, the king of fairies, is jealous of Titania’s Indian Boy. Along with these stories, there is a play that is being rehearsed for the Duke. It is the play, â€Å"Pyramus and Thisbe,† act ed by Nick Bottom and Francis Flute as the two characters, respectfully. Puck’s mischief stirs up confusion for the four mortal lovers and Titania falls in love with a Nick Bottom, who has been transformed into a donkey. However, when the two worlds come together, the fairy world seems to control the real world. Although, Theseus believes he has ultimate power and control over Athens, the conflicts of the real world can not be resolved without the magical powers of the fairy world. The story of A Midsummer Night's Dream is a comedy. Shakespeare was a playwright during the Elizabethan era, when most plays were either comedy or tragedy. It wasn't the lines read or story that made a play tragic or comedic. Comedy plays were distiniguishable by their costume, stage, and make-up. The magical and fairy realm setting, the costumes of the fairies, and Nick Bottom wearing a donkey head would constitute this play as a comedy. The story of A Midsummer's Night Dream begins with an introduction ...

Biochemical Action of Bacteria

To observe the growth of different bacteria species in term of structures and its morphology based on different chemical substance applied. 3. To observe physiological and immunological properties utilized by different species of bacteria. INTRODUCTION: Bacteria biochemical testing can determine the types and numbers in terms of colony forming units of bacteria present in a sample of different chemical. The testing could be focused on a specific type of bacteria, medical bacteria or a broad range of environmental bacteria. Since bacteria are present in virtually any environment, it’s important to be clear why the testing is being performed. The more specific the testing is the better and the easier it is to interpret the results. Numbers and types of bacteria that should be a cause for concern depends upon several factors, including the type of bacteria present and the type of samples. Escherichia coli  are one of the main species of bacteria living in the lower intestines of mammals. E. coli  can be found in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. The presence of  E. coli  in foods is considered to be an indication of fecal contamination. Staphylococcus  organisms are commonly found in the environment. Several species of  Staphylococcus  are found on the skin, intestines, nasal passages, etc. of warm-blooded animals. Some species of  Staphylococcus, particularly  Staphylococcus aureus  can be pathogenic are capable of causing illness. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely distributed in soil, water and plants. It survives in hot tubs, whirlpools, contact lens solution, sinks and showers. It can cause a number of opportunistic infections including infections of the skin, external ear canal and of the eye. Nitrifying bacteria recycle organic nitrogenous materials from ammonium (the endpoint for the decomposition of proteins) to nitrates. Their presence can indicate that the water may have been polluted by nitrogen-rich organics from sources such as compromised septic tanks, sewage systems, industrial and hazardous waste sites and is undergoing an aerobic form of degradation. The presence of denitrifying bacteria can indicate that the water has been polluted by nitrogen-rich organics from sources such as compromised septic tanks, sewage systems, industrial and hazardous waste sites. MATERIALS: 1. Nutrient broth cultures of Escherichia coli . Nutrient broth cultures of Serratia marcescens 3. Nutrient broth cultures of Salmonella typhimurium 4. Nutrient broth cultures of Bacillus subtilis 5. Nutrient broth cultures of Klebsiella spp. 6. Nutrient broth cultures of Streptococcus spp. 7. Nutrient broth cultures of Staphylococcus aurieus 8. Nutrient broth cultures of Proteus vulgaris 9. Nutri ent broth cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens 10. Parafilm tape 11. Inoculating loops 12. Gloves 13. Incubator 14. Nutrient agar plate 15. Nutrient agar slants 16. Starch agar plates 17. Gelatine agar plates 18. 2 tubes Clark’s-Lub medium (MR-VP medium) 19. Tryptone broth 20. 3 Kigler’ slant 21. 5 tubes nitrate broth ( 0. 1% KNO3) 22. 5 urea broth 23. Tube containing 10ml of sterile saline 24. Glucose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 25. Lactose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 26. Sucrose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 27. Gram’s iodine 28. Kovac’s indol reagent 29. Mercuric chloride solution 30. KOH-creatine solution or 40% KOH 31. FR reagent 32. Nessler’s reagent PROCEDURE: A. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1. Fermentation of sugars Materials: 1. Glucose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 2. Lactose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 3. Sucrose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 4. 18 hour nutrient broth cultures of E. coli and S. typhimurium Procedure: 1) The small bottles of different sugars were inoculated with a loopfuls of E. coli and Salmonella spp. 2) The tubes were labelled and incubate at 37oC for 24 hours 3) All observations were recorded for presence of acid or gas production. 2. Hydrolysis of starch Materials: 1. Starch agar plates 2. Broth agar cultures of B. subtilis and E. coli Procedure: 1) Starch plate was streaked with E. coli in for sections and repeated for B. ubtilis bacteria in other starch plate. 2) The plates were secured with parafilm, labelled and inoculated at 37oC for 24 hours. The following day 1) The plates were tested for starch hydrolysis by flooding the pates with Gram’s iodine. 2) The plates were examined and the colonies that showed clear uncoloured zones in contrast with the blue-black background of the starch-iodine complex were noted. 3) The extent of the zones of hydrolysis indicated either the reddish colour zones were seen. 4) All results and observations were recorded. B. PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLIM 1. Indole test Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. ubtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. 3 tubes of tryptone broth 3. Kovac’s indole test reagent Procedures: 1) The peptone water was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were added with a few drops of Kovac’s indole reagent (dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) 2) The red or dark color indicates the presence of indole. 4. Hydrogen sulphide Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. 3 Kigler’s slant Procedures: 1) The Kigler’s slant was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism by the stab method. ) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 3) Th e Kigler’ slant was observed for production of H2S where the black precipitate along the line of growth in the Kigler’s slants indicated the H2S have been produced. 4) The observations were recorded. 3. Gelatine hydrolysis test Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. Gelatine agar plates 3. Mercuric chloride solution Procedures: 3) The gelatine agar plates were inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism with a single streak at the centre of the plates. ) The plates were secured with parafilm, labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 5) The plates were flooded with mercuric chloride solution. 6) The medium become opaque in regions that still contain gelatine and clear regions where gelatine has been hydrolysed. C. VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. 2. 2 tubes of Clark-Lub’s medium (MR-VP medium) 3. KOH-creatine solution Procedures: 1) The tubes of Clark-Lubâ€⠄¢s medium (MR-VP medium) were inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tubes were labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with Voges-Proskauer test. 2) The 0. 5ml of KOH-creatine solutuin was addd. 3) The tube was shaked vigorously for 30 seconds. 4) The red or pink color indicates the presence of acetoin. D. CATALASE TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. 2. Nutrient agar slant Procedures: 1) The nutrient agar slant was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with catalase test by adding several drops of a 5% solution of hydrogen peroxide. ) The vigorous bubbling indicates the presence of oxygen. E. NITRATE REDUCTION TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, Proteus vugaris, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens. 2. 5 tubes containing nitrate broth (0. 1% KNO3) 3. Nitrate test reagent Procedures: 1) The nitrate broth was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incub ated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with 1ml of Follet and Ratcliff’s (FR reagent) 2) The orange or brown color indicates the presence of nitrate. 3) The absent of nitrate indicates that: a. There has been no nitrate reduction b. The reduction has proceeded beyond that nitrate stage. 4) The absent of orange or brown color were further tested with small amount of cadmium to the tube. If nitrate still present, it will be catalytically change to nitrate which will then reacts with the FR reagent in the tube. 5) In the absent of a positive nitrate result, the bubbles f H2 gas was observed in the Durhams tube OR 6) The samples were tested with 1ml of Nessler’s reagent. The brown or orange color indicates the presence of ammonia. F. UREASE TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, P. vugaris, S. arcescens, P. fluorescens. 2. 5 urea broth with indicator Procedures: 1) The urea broth was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The urease-positive organism produced in intense red/purple coloration of the medium after incubation. 2) All observations were recorded. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION: Test| Observation(After 24 hours incubation)| Description| A. Carbohydrate Test 1. Fermentation of starchDurham tubes and phenol-red indicator. 2. Hydrolysis of starch| Glucose: Lactose: Sucrose: Starch agar plates:B. ubtilisE. coli| * Positive result for E. coli as tube turn yellow * Positive result for S. typhimium as tube turn yellow * Positive result for E. coli as tube turn yellow * No gas produced by S. typhimium because the tube turns red. * No gas produced by E. coli because the tube is slightly red. * Positive result for S. typhimium as tube turn yellow * Positive zone of clearing. * Negative zone of clearing. | B. Protein And Amino Acid Metabolism 1. Indole test 2. Hydrogen disulphide 3. Gelatine hydrolysis test| Tryptone broth:B. subtilisE. coli. S. typhimuriumKigler’s slant:B. subtilisE. oli. S. typhimuriumGelatine agar plates:B. subtilisE. coli. S. typhimurium| * Negative Indole tests no color change. * Bright fuschia at the interface is positive test for Indole . * Negative Indole tests no color change. * Black precipitate form shows positive sulphur reduction. * Negative reaction. * Positive reaction forming the black precipitate. * Positive hydrolysis of gelatine into amino acid to be used as nutrients/gelatinase. * Negative hydrolysis of gelatine. * Negative hydrolysis of gelatine| C. Voges- Proskaeur’s Test| MR-VP medium:E. coli. Klebsiella spp. | * Negative results of E. oli * Positive results Klebsiella spp. | D. Catalase Test| Nutrient agar slant:S. aureusStreptococcus spp. | S. aureus * Positive catalase reaction because present of bubblesStreptococcus spp. * Negative catalase reaction no bubbles present. | E. Nitrate Reduction Test| Nitrate broth:E. coliP. vulgarisS. marcescensP. fluorenscens| * No color change after denitrification of ammonia. * No color change after denitrification of ammonia. * Turns red. Positive nitrate test shows nitrate reductase present. * Turns red but negative catalase test. | F. Urease Test| Urea broth:E. coliP. vulgarisS. marcescensP. luorenscens| * Negative urease test because the tube remain purple. * P. vulgaris show positive urease test from yellow to pinkish. * S. marcescens show negative urease test because the color remain purple. * P. fluorenscens show negative urease test because the color remain purple. | DISCUSSION: Biochemical tests of bacteria oobjectively to test the metabolism of carbohydrate and related products of different bacteria species, test specific breakdown of products through color changes and gas produced. Besides that, the ability of bacteria utilizes a specific substance and the metabolism of protein and amino acid by bacteria. A. CARBOHYDRATE TEST Carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which is basically the major carbon source of most organisms. Specific carbohydrate can be fermented by organism that incorporated in a medium producing red or acid with gas. Pinkish red color shows positive results where acidic content formed in the tube because carbon dioxide realised if fermentation occur. Negative catabolism of carbohydrate shows by yellow to colourless of Durham’s tube as the solution remain alkaline in the absent of carbon dioxide gas. Gas production can be seen as bubbles in Durham’s tube. Central carbohydrate metabolism or the breakdown of sugars into smaller compounds accompanied by the production of ATP and reduction of coenzymes, follows one of several pathway. Carbohydrate utilization and fermentation will be assessed by growing cells without shaking (aeration) in defined media containing a single carbohydrate. Acid products of sugar fermentation will cause a noticeable color change in the pH indicator included in the medium. Sugar fermentation does not produce alkaline product, however non-fermentative hydrolysis of amino acids in the peptone, present in most fermentation media, may give an alkaline reaction, which will also cause a color change in the pH indicator. Gas production, H2 in particular, can be determined by placing a small, inverted Durham tube in the test medium. If gas is produced, it is trapped in the Durham tube and can be seen as a bubble. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is produced by bacterial anaerobic degradation of the two sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine. Hydrogen sulfide is released as a by-product when carbon and nitrogen atoms in the amino acids are consumed as nutrients by the cells. Under anaerobic conditions the sulfhydryl (-SH) group on cysteine is reduced by cysteine desulfurase. Ferrous ammonium sulfate-indicator. H2S reacts with ferrous sulfate forming the black precipitate Sodium thiosulfate is reduced to sulphite/thiosulfate The Kligler’s Iron test is used to detect liberation of H2S gas by bacteria growing on an excess of these sulfur-containing amino acids. The agar contains high levels of peptones or sources of cysteine and methionine and ferrous sulfate as an indicator. When H2S is produced, the ferrous ion reacts with it to give ferrous sulfide, an insoluble black precipitate. In starch hydrolysis test Iodine must be on the plate to visualize the zone of clearing surrounding the bacteria. This zone indicates starch was broken down to dextrins, maltose, and glucose. B. PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLIM Indole test measures the ability of bacteria to split indole from tryptophan molecule but in term of biochemistry, Indole test is one of the metabolic degradation products of the amino acid tryophan. Bacteria that possess the enzyme trytophanase are capable of hydrolysing and deaminating tryptophan with the production of Indole, pyruvic acid and ammonia. Positive reaction showed by E. coli, P. vulgaris and negative results observed in Klebsiella and Salmonella from observation in the Indole test. Development of fuchsia red color at the interface of the reagent and the broth within seconds after adding the reagent is indicative of the presence of Indole and is a positive test. Kovac’s reagent detects if tryptophan has been hydrolyzed to indol or tryptophanase. Gelatin is the protein derived from the animal protein collagen, has been used as a solidifying agent in food for a long time besides nutrient gelatine as an early type of solid growth medium. One problem is that many bacteria have the ability to hydrolyze or liquefy the gelatin. This gelatin liquefaction ability forms the basis for this test. C. VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST The production of acetoin by bacteria is perform through Voges Proskauer Test to determine the ability of the organisms to produce neutral end product acetyl methyl carbinol (acetoin) from glucose fermentation. Negative results gained from E. coli meanwhile positive reaction gives by. Changing of color to red pinkish color at the surface of the medium indicated positive results and yellow color at the surface of the medium show negative reaction. The KOH reagent should not be excessively added to the sample because excess KOH may mask weak VP positive reactions. The MR test will be positive for organisms that have complete pathways for mixed acid fermentation. The Voges-Proskauer (VP) test determines whether a specific neutral metabolic intermediate, acetoin, has been produced instead of acid from glucose. Acetoin is the last intermediate in the butanediol pathway, which is a common fermentation pathway in B. subtilis. The tests are complementary in the sense that often a bacterium will give a positive reaction for one test and a negative reaction for the other. The three possible patterns of results where the acetoin fermentation pathway, detected by the VP test, two molecules of pyruvate condense and two molecules of CO2 are released. The 4 carbon intermediate that is formed, acetoin, contains a carbonyl group. The acetoin acts as a terminal electron acceptor with the carbonyl group being reduced to a hydroxyl group. The reduced product, butanediol, is excreted by the bacteria and acetoin is oxidized to diacetyl by alkaline -naphthol, which forms a red complex with creatinine. D. CATALASE TEST Catalase is present in most cytochrome containing aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria except Streptococcus spp. Hydrogen peroxide forms as one of the oxidative end product of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism. If hydrogen peroxide allowed accumulating in the bacterial cells it becomes lethal to the bacteria. Catalases help in converting H2O2 to water and oxygen. In the catalase test performed, Streptococcus spp gives negative reaction as for S. aureus, the positive reaction occurred. One of the by-products of oxidation-reduction in the presence of O2 during aerobic respiration is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This compound is highly reactive and must be degraded in the cytoplasm of the cell producing it. It can be especially damaging to molecules of DNA. Most aerobes synthesize the enzyme catalase, which breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen. The O2 gas is identified by the production of bubbles from a concentrated cell suspension. The test for catalase is simple and usually very reliable. It is a major method of distinguishing between Staphylococcus (catalase positive), Streptococcus (catalase negative), and Enterococcus (catalase negative), although some strains of Enterococcus faecalis may be positive. Catalase production is generally associated with aerobic organisms, since H2O2 is a toxic by-product of aerobic growth, but not always. E. NITRATE REDUCTION TEST Nitrate reduction test basically test the ability of organism to reduce the nitrate to nitrites of free nitrogen gas. In order to determine either the bacteria can reduce nitrate, the test organism is inoculated into nitrate reduction broth, undefined medium that contains large amounts of nitrate (KNO3). After incubation, reagent added simultaneously reacts with nitrite and turn to red color, indicating a positive nitrate reduction. If there is no color change at this step, nitrite is absent. If the nitrate is unreduced and till in its original form, this would be a negative nitrate reduction result. However it is possible that the nitrate was reduced to nitrite but has been further reduced to ammonia or nitrogen gas. This would be recorded as positive nitrate reduction result. Under anaerobic conditions, some bacteria are able to use nitrate (NO3-) as an external terminal electron acceptor. This kind of metabolism is analogous to the use of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor by aerobic organisms and is called anaerobic respiration. Nitrate is an oxidized compound and there are several steps possible in its reduction. The initial step is the reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-). Several possible products can be made from further reduction of nitrite. Possible reduced end products include the following N2, NH3 (ammonia), N2O (nitrous oxide). Bacteria vary in their ability to perform these reactions, a useful characteristic for identification. A medium that will support growth must be used and the cells must be grown anaerobically. Growth in the presence of oxygen will decrease or eliminate nitrate reduction. There are many possible end products of nitrate reduction such as nitrite, nitrogen gas (N2), nitrous oxides, ammonia, and hydroxylamine. The disappearance of nitrate or the appearance of the end products. The test relies on the production of nitrous acid from the nitrite. This, in turn, reacts with the iodide in the reagent to produce iodine. The iodine then reacts with the starch in the reagent to produce a blue color. Since some of the possible products of NO3- reduction are gaseous, a Durham tube is sometimes inverted in the culture tube to trap gases. This being the case, it is important to pre-test the medium to ensure no detectable nitrite is present at the beginning, and, in the case of a negative test, to reduce any nitrate to nitrite to determine whether the nitrite was also reduced. If nitrite is produced, it reacts with hemoglobin to give a bright red color, instead of the dark red color of hemoglobin. It is this reaction that is responsible for the color of meats, such as hot dogs, which are preserved with sodium nitrite. The blood agar test has the advantage of no color change occurring if the nitrite is further reduced. F. UREASE TEST Urease test mainly highlighted to determine the ability of the organism to split urea forming 2 molecules of ammonia by the action of the enzyme Urease with resulting alkalinity. Negative reaction shown by E. coli meanwhile Klebsiella spp. shows positive result. Extra precaution needed because both the urease test medium depend upon the demonstration of alkalinity that not specific for urease. Moreover the protein hydrolysis may result I alkalinity hence false positive may be seen in Pseudomonas. The false positivity can be eliminated by control test using the same medium without urea as recommendation. Urea is a nitrogenous waste product of animals. Some bacteria can cleaved it to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia. The ammonia is a nitrogen source for amino acid biosynthesis as well as for synthesis of other nitrogen-containing molecules in the cell. The urease test was devised to distinguish Proteus species from other enterics. The medium described here is buffered enough so that weak urease producers appear negative. The production of ammonia raises the pH of the medium. The indicator phenol red is present in the broth. Phenol red is orange-yellow at pH below than 6. 8, and turns bright pinkish-red at pH higher than 8. 1. Hence, a positive urea test is denoted by the change of medium color from yellow to pinkish red. CONCLUSION: Based on the laboratory, different bacteria species have different abilities to metabolize various substrates and end products formed were able to be observed and distinguished. Biochemical Action of Bacteria To observe the growth of different bacteria species in term of structures and its morphology based on different chemical substance applied. 3. To observe physiological and immunological properties utilized by different species of bacteria. INTRODUCTION: Bacteria biochemical testing can determine the types and numbers in terms of colony forming units of bacteria present in a sample of different chemical. The testing could be focused on a specific type of bacteria, medical bacteria or a broad range of environmental bacteria. Since bacteria are present in virtually any environment, it’s important to be clear why the testing is being performed. The more specific the testing is the better and the easier it is to interpret the results. Numbers and types of bacteria that should be a cause for concern depends upon several factors, including the type of bacteria present and the type of samples. Escherichia coli  are one of the main species of bacteria living in the lower intestines of mammals. E. coli  can be found in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. The presence of  E. coli  in foods is considered to be an indication of fecal contamination. Staphylococcus  organisms are commonly found in the environment. Several species of  Staphylococcus  are found on the skin, intestines, nasal passages, etc. of warm-blooded animals. Some species of  Staphylococcus, particularly  Staphylococcus aureus  can be pathogenic are capable of causing illness. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is widely distributed in soil, water and plants. It survives in hot tubs, whirlpools, contact lens solution, sinks and showers. It can cause a number of opportunistic infections including infections of the skin, external ear canal and of the eye. Nitrifying bacteria recycle organic nitrogenous materials from ammonium (the endpoint for the decomposition of proteins) to nitrates. Their presence can indicate that the water may have been polluted by nitrogen-rich organics from sources such as compromised septic tanks, sewage systems, industrial and hazardous waste sites and is undergoing an aerobic form of degradation. The presence of denitrifying bacteria can indicate that the water has been polluted by nitrogen-rich organics from sources such as compromised septic tanks, sewage systems, industrial and hazardous waste sites. MATERIALS: 1. Nutrient broth cultures of Escherichia coli . Nutrient broth cultures of Serratia marcescens 3. Nutrient broth cultures of Salmonella typhimurium 4. Nutrient broth cultures of Bacillus subtilis 5. Nutrient broth cultures of Klebsiella spp. 6. Nutrient broth cultures of Streptococcus spp. 7. Nutrient broth cultures of Staphylococcus aurieus 8. Nutrient broth cultures of Proteus vulgaris 9. Nutri ent broth cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens 10. Parafilm tape 11. Inoculating loops 12. Gloves 13. Incubator 14. Nutrient agar plate 15. Nutrient agar slants 16. Starch agar plates 17. Gelatine agar plates 18. 2 tubes Clark’s-Lub medium (MR-VP medium) 19. Tryptone broth 20. 3 Kigler’ slant 21. 5 tubes nitrate broth ( 0. 1% KNO3) 22. 5 urea broth 23. Tube containing 10ml of sterile saline 24. Glucose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 25. Lactose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 26. Sucrose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 27. Gram’s iodine 28. Kovac’s indol reagent 29. Mercuric chloride solution 30. KOH-creatine solution or 40% KOH 31. FR reagent 32. Nessler’s reagent PROCEDURE: A. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1. Fermentation of sugars Materials: 1. Glucose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 2. Lactose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 3. Sucrose broths with Durham tubes and phenol red indicator 4. 18 hour nutrient broth cultures of E. coli and S. typhimurium Procedure: 1) The small bottles of different sugars were inoculated with a loopfuls of E. coli and Salmonella spp. 2) The tubes were labelled and incubate at 37oC for 24 hours 3) All observations were recorded for presence of acid or gas production. 2. Hydrolysis of starch Materials: 1. Starch agar plates 2. Broth agar cultures of B. subtilis and E. coli Procedure: 1) Starch plate was streaked with E. coli in for sections and repeated for B. ubtilis bacteria in other starch plate. 2) The plates were secured with parafilm, labelled and inoculated at 37oC for 24 hours. The following day 1) The plates were tested for starch hydrolysis by flooding the pates with Gram’s iodine. 2) The plates were examined and the colonies that showed clear uncoloured zones in contrast with the blue-black background of the starch-iodine complex were noted. 3) The extent of the zones of hydrolysis indicated either the reddish colour zones were seen. 4) All results and observations were recorded. B. PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLIM 1. Indole test Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. ubtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. 3 tubes of tryptone broth 3. Kovac’s indole test reagent Procedures: 1) The peptone water was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were added with a few drops of Kovac’s indole reagent (dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) 2) The red or dark color indicates the presence of indole. 4. Hydrogen sulphide Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. 3 Kigler’s slant Procedures: 1) The Kigler’s slant was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism by the stab method. ) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 3) Th e Kigler’ slant was observed for production of H2S where the black precipitate along the line of growth in the Kigler’s slants indicated the H2S have been produced. 4) The observations were recorded. 3. Gelatine hydrolysis test Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium 2. Gelatine agar plates 3. Mercuric chloride solution Procedures: 3) The gelatine agar plates were inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism with a single streak at the centre of the plates. ) The plates were secured with parafilm, labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 5) The plates were flooded with mercuric chloride solution. 6) The medium become opaque in regions that still contain gelatine and clear regions where gelatine has been hydrolysed. C. VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. 2. 2 tubes of Clark-Lub’s medium (MR-VP medium) 3. KOH-creatine solution Procedures: 1) The tubes of Clark-Lubâ€⠄¢s medium (MR-VP medium) were inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tubes were labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with Voges-Proskauer test. 2) The 0. 5ml of KOH-creatine solutuin was addd. 3) The tube was shaked vigorously for 30 seconds. 4) The red or pink color indicates the presence of acetoin. D. CATALASE TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. 2. Nutrient agar slant Procedures: 1) The nutrient agar slant was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with catalase test by adding several drops of a 5% solution of hydrogen peroxide. ) The vigorous bubbling indicates the presence of oxygen. E. NITRATE REDUCTION TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, Proteus vugaris, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens. 2. 5 tubes containing nitrate broth (0. 1% KNO3) 3. Nitrate test reagent Procedures: 1) The nitrate broth was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incub ated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The tubes were tested with 1ml of Follet and Ratcliff’s (FR reagent) 2) The orange or brown color indicates the presence of nitrate. 3) The absent of nitrate indicates that: a. There has been no nitrate reduction b. The reduction has proceeded beyond that nitrate stage. 4) The absent of orange or brown color were further tested with small amount of cadmium to the tube. If nitrate still present, it will be catalytically change to nitrate which will then reacts with the FR reagent in the tube. 5) In the absent of a positive nitrate result, the bubbles f H2 gas was observed in the Durhams tube OR 6) The samples were tested with 1ml of Nessler’s reagent. The brown or orange color indicates the presence of ammonia. F. UREASE TEST Materials: 1. Broth cultures of E. coli, P. vugaris, S. arcescens, P. fluorescens. 2. 5 urea broth with indicator Procedures: 1) The urea broth was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube was labelled and incubated for 24 hours. The following day 1) The urease-positive organism produced in intense red/purple coloration of the medium after incubation. 2) All observations were recorded. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION: Test| Observation(After 24 hours incubation)| Description| A. Carbohydrate Test 1. Fermentation of starchDurham tubes and phenol-red indicator. 2. Hydrolysis of starch| Glucose: Lactose: Sucrose: Starch agar plates:B. ubtilisE. coli| * Positive result for E. coli as tube turn yellow * Positive result for S. typhimium as tube turn yellow * Positive result for E. coli as tube turn yellow * No gas produced by S. typhimium because the tube turns red. * No gas produced by E. coli because the tube is slightly red. * Positive result for S. typhimium as tube turn yellow * Positive zone of clearing. * Negative zone of clearing. | B. Protein And Amino Acid Metabolism 1. Indole test 2. Hydrogen disulphide 3. Gelatine hydrolysis test| Tryptone broth:B. subtilisE. coli. S. typhimuriumKigler’s slant:B. subtilisE. oli. S. typhimuriumGelatine agar plates:B. subtilisE. coli. S. typhimurium| * Negative Indole tests no color change. * Bright fuschia at the interface is positive test for Indole . * Negative Indole tests no color change. * Black precipitate form shows positive sulphur reduction. * Negative reaction. * Positive reaction forming the black precipitate. * Positive hydrolysis of gelatine into amino acid to be used as nutrients/gelatinase. * Negative hydrolysis of gelatine. * Negative hydrolysis of gelatine| C. Voges- Proskaeur’s Test| MR-VP medium:E. coli. Klebsiella spp. | * Negative results of E. oli * Positive results Klebsiella spp. | D. Catalase Test| Nutrient agar slant:S. aureusStreptococcus spp. | S. aureus * Positive catalase reaction because present of bubblesStreptococcus spp. * Negative catalase reaction no bubbles present. | E. Nitrate Reduction Test| Nitrate broth:E. coliP. vulgarisS. marcescensP. fluorenscens| * No color change after denitrification of ammonia. * No color change after denitrification of ammonia. * Turns red. Positive nitrate test shows nitrate reductase present. * Turns red but negative catalase test. | F. Urease Test| Urea broth:E. coliP. vulgarisS. marcescensP. luorenscens| * Negative urease test because the tube remain purple. * P. vulgaris show positive urease test from yellow to pinkish. * S. marcescens show negative urease test because the color remain purple. * P. fluorenscens show negative urease test because the color remain purple. | DISCUSSION: Biochemical tests of bacteria oobjectively to test the metabolism of carbohydrate and related products of different bacteria species, test specific breakdown of products through color changes and gas produced. Besides that, the ability of bacteria utilizes a specific substance and the metabolism of protein and amino acid by bacteria. A. CARBOHYDRATE TEST Carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which is basically the major carbon source of most organisms. Specific carbohydrate can be fermented by organism that incorporated in a medium producing red or acid with gas. Pinkish red color shows positive results where acidic content formed in the tube because carbon dioxide realised if fermentation occur. Negative catabolism of carbohydrate shows by yellow to colourless of Durham’s tube as the solution remain alkaline in the absent of carbon dioxide gas. Gas production can be seen as bubbles in Durham’s tube. Central carbohydrate metabolism or the breakdown of sugars into smaller compounds accompanied by the production of ATP and reduction of coenzymes, follows one of several pathway. Carbohydrate utilization and fermentation will be assessed by growing cells without shaking (aeration) in defined media containing a single carbohydrate. Acid products of sugar fermentation will cause a noticeable color change in the pH indicator included in the medium. Sugar fermentation does not produce alkaline product, however non-fermentative hydrolysis of amino acids in the peptone, present in most fermentation media, may give an alkaline reaction, which will also cause a color change in the pH indicator. Gas production, H2 in particular, can be determined by placing a small, inverted Durham tube in the test medium. If gas is produced, it is trapped in the Durham tube and can be seen as a bubble. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is produced by bacterial anaerobic degradation of the two sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine. Hydrogen sulfide is released as a by-product when carbon and nitrogen atoms in the amino acids are consumed as nutrients by the cells. Under anaerobic conditions the sulfhydryl (-SH) group on cysteine is reduced by cysteine desulfurase. Ferrous ammonium sulfate-indicator. H2S reacts with ferrous sulfate forming the black precipitate Sodium thiosulfate is reduced to sulphite/thiosulfate The Kligler’s Iron test is used to detect liberation of H2S gas by bacteria growing on an excess of these sulfur-containing amino acids. The agar contains high levels of peptones or sources of cysteine and methionine and ferrous sulfate as an indicator. When H2S is produced, the ferrous ion reacts with it to give ferrous sulfide, an insoluble black precipitate. In starch hydrolysis test Iodine must be on the plate to visualize the zone of clearing surrounding the bacteria. This zone indicates starch was broken down to dextrins, maltose, and glucose. B. PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLIM Indole test measures the ability of bacteria to split indole from tryptophan molecule but in term of biochemistry, Indole test is one of the metabolic degradation products of the amino acid tryophan. Bacteria that possess the enzyme trytophanase are capable of hydrolysing and deaminating tryptophan with the production of Indole, pyruvic acid and ammonia. Positive reaction showed by E. coli, P. vulgaris and negative results observed in Klebsiella and Salmonella from observation in the Indole test. Development of fuchsia red color at the interface of the reagent and the broth within seconds after adding the reagent is indicative of the presence of Indole and is a positive test. Kovac’s reagent detects if tryptophan has been hydrolyzed to indol or tryptophanase. Gelatin is the protein derived from the animal protein collagen, has been used as a solidifying agent in food for a long time besides nutrient gelatine as an early type of solid growth medium. One problem is that many bacteria have the ability to hydrolyze or liquefy the gelatin. This gelatin liquefaction ability forms the basis for this test. C. VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST The production of acetoin by bacteria is perform through Voges Proskauer Test to determine the ability of the organisms to produce neutral end product acetyl methyl carbinol (acetoin) from glucose fermentation. Negative results gained from E. coli meanwhile positive reaction gives by. Changing of color to red pinkish color at the surface of the medium indicated positive results and yellow color at the surface of the medium show negative reaction. The KOH reagent should not be excessively added to the sample because excess KOH may mask weak VP positive reactions. The MR test will be positive for organisms that have complete pathways for mixed acid fermentation. The Voges-Proskauer (VP) test determines whether a specific neutral metabolic intermediate, acetoin, has been produced instead of acid from glucose. Acetoin is the last intermediate in the butanediol pathway, which is a common fermentation pathway in B. subtilis. The tests are complementary in the sense that often a bacterium will give a positive reaction for one test and a negative reaction for the other. The three possible patterns of results where the acetoin fermentation pathway, detected by the VP test, two molecules of pyruvate condense and two molecules of CO2 are released. The 4 carbon intermediate that is formed, acetoin, contains a carbonyl group. The acetoin acts as a terminal electron acceptor with the carbonyl group being reduced to a hydroxyl group. The reduced product, butanediol, is excreted by the bacteria and acetoin is oxidized to diacetyl by alkaline -naphthol, which forms a red complex with creatinine. D. CATALASE TEST Catalase is present in most cytochrome containing aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria except Streptococcus spp. Hydrogen peroxide forms as one of the oxidative end product of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism. If hydrogen peroxide allowed accumulating in the bacterial cells it becomes lethal to the bacteria. Catalases help in converting H2O2 to water and oxygen. In the catalase test performed, Streptococcus spp gives negative reaction as for S. aureus, the positive reaction occurred. One of the by-products of oxidation-reduction in the presence of O2 during aerobic respiration is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This compound is highly reactive and must be degraded in the cytoplasm of the cell producing it. It can be especially damaging to molecules of DNA. Most aerobes synthesize the enzyme catalase, which breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen. The O2 gas is identified by the production of bubbles from a concentrated cell suspension. The test for catalase is simple and usually very reliable. It is a major method of distinguishing between Staphylococcus (catalase positive), Streptococcus (catalase negative), and Enterococcus (catalase negative), although some strains of Enterococcus faecalis may be positive. Catalase production is generally associated with aerobic organisms, since H2O2 is a toxic by-product of aerobic growth, but not always. E. NITRATE REDUCTION TEST Nitrate reduction test basically test the ability of organism to reduce the nitrate to nitrites of free nitrogen gas. In order to determine either the bacteria can reduce nitrate, the test organism is inoculated into nitrate reduction broth, undefined medium that contains large amounts of nitrate (KNO3). After incubation, reagent added simultaneously reacts with nitrite and turn to red color, indicating a positive nitrate reduction. If there is no color change at this step, nitrite is absent. If the nitrate is unreduced and till in its original form, this would be a negative nitrate reduction result. However it is possible that the nitrate was reduced to nitrite but has been further reduced to ammonia or nitrogen gas. This would be recorded as positive nitrate reduction result. Under anaerobic conditions, some bacteria are able to use nitrate (NO3-) as an external terminal electron acceptor. This kind of metabolism is analogous to the use of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor by aerobic organisms and is called anaerobic respiration. Nitrate is an oxidized compound and there are several steps possible in its reduction. The initial step is the reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-). Several possible products can be made from further reduction of nitrite. Possible reduced end products include the following N2, NH3 (ammonia), N2O (nitrous oxide). Bacteria vary in their ability to perform these reactions, a useful characteristic for identification. A medium that will support growth must be used and the cells must be grown anaerobically. Growth in the presence of oxygen will decrease or eliminate nitrate reduction. There are many possible end products of nitrate reduction such as nitrite, nitrogen gas (N2), nitrous oxides, ammonia, and hydroxylamine. The disappearance of nitrate or the appearance of the end products. The test relies on the production of nitrous acid from the nitrite. This, in turn, reacts with the iodide in the reagent to produce iodine. The iodine then reacts with the starch in the reagent to produce a blue color. Since some of the possible products of NO3- reduction are gaseous, a Durham tube is sometimes inverted in the culture tube to trap gases. This being the case, it is important to pre-test the medium to ensure no detectable nitrite is present at the beginning, and, in the case of a negative test, to reduce any nitrate to nitrite to determine whether the nitrite was also reduced. If nitrite is produced, it reacts with hemoglobin to give a bright red color, instead of the dark red color of hemoglobin. It is this reaction that is responsible for the color of meats, such as hot dogs, which are preserved with sodium nitrite. The blood agar test has the advantage of no color change occurring if the nitrite is further reduced. F. UREASE TEST Urease test mainly highlighted to determine the ability of the organism to split urea forming 2 molecules of ammonia by the action of the enzyme Urease with resulting alkalinity. Negative reaction shown by E. coli meanwhile Klebsiella spp. shows positive result. Extra precaution needed because both the urease test medium depend upon the demonstration of alkalinity that not specific for urease. Moreover the protein hydrolysis may result I alkalinity hence false positive may be seen in Pseudomonas. The false positivity can be eliminated by control test using the same medium without urea as recommendation. Urea is a nitrogenous waste product of animals. Some bacteria can cleaved it to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia. The ammonia is a nitrogen source for amino acid biosynthesis as well as for synthesis of other nitrogen-containing molecules in the cell. The urease test was devised to distinguish Proteus species from other enterics. The medium described here is buffered enough so that weak urease producers appear negative. The production of ammonia raises the pH of the medium. The indicator phenol red is present in the broth. Phenol red is orange-yellow at pH below than 6. 8, and turns bright pinkish-red at pH higher than 8. 1. Hence, a positive urea test is denoted by the change of medium color from yellow to pinkish red. CONCLUSION: Based on the laboratory, different bacteria species have different abilities to metabolize various substrates and end products formed were able to be observed and distinguished.